Al-'`Adalah : Jurnal Syariah dan Hukum Islam

Exceptions to the Prohibition of Child Marriage in Indonesia Since the Reform Era: Between Judicial Activism, Cultural Resilience, and Human Rights Standards

Miftakur Rohman — 2026-07-13

The 2019 amendment to the Marriage Law, which raised the minimum marriage age for women to 19, was intended to reduce the rate of child marriage; however, this regulation unexpectedly triggered a drastic surge in applications for marriage dispensations in Religious Courts. This study examines the complex dynamics of child marriage dispensations in Indonesia following legal reforms, specifically analyzing the tension between judicial activism, cultural resistance, and international human rights standards. Using a socio-legal research method, this study analyzes judicial rulings in several strategic Religious Courts as well as empirical data from interviews with judges, religious leaders, and affected families. The findings reveal a significant gap between the legislative intent of the law and judicial practice; while some judges engage in judicial activism by tightening requirements to protect children’s rights, the majority continue to grant requests due to strong local cultural resistance, socio-economic pressures, and widespread concerns regarding out-of-wedlock pregnancy. Consequently, formal legal reforms face a cultural disconnect when confronting the “living law” within society, leading to the fragmentation of children’s human rights protections. This study concludes that the codification of normative law is not strong enough to eradicate child marriage. Consequently, future legal policies must shift from a purely prohibitive legislative approach toward an integrated socio-legal strategy that involves traditional and religious leaders, as well as interventions addressing structural poverty, in order to bridge the gap between human rights standards and local cultural realities

Relevansi Konsep Kafa'ah dalam Perkawinan Pada Era Modern: Perspektif Tokoh Nahdlatul Ulama Kecamatan Bungah

Khoridatul Bahiyyah — 2026-07-13

This study aims to examine the relevance of the concept of kafa'ah (compatibility) in marriage in the modern era based on the perspectives of Nahdlatul Ulama (NU) figures in Bungah District, Gresik Regency. The study employs a descriptive qualitative approach using field research methods through in-depth interviews with three key informants: Drs. Nasikhun, M.Si. (Head of the Office of Religious Affairs/KUA of Bungah District), H. Nailul Muna, Lc., M.Pd. (Chair of RMI MWCNU Bungah), and K.H. Fatkhan Anwari (community religious figure). The findings reveal that the concept of kafa'ah has not been abandoned, but has undergone a significant transformation in meaning: from compatibility based on lineage (nasab) and social stratification toward compatibility based on personal capacity, encompassing religious quality, character, education, and shared life vision. Religious equality remains the most fundamental and non-negotiable element of kafa'ah. Meanwhile, the local concept of "podo cocok" — mutual alignment in mindset and life goals between prospective partners — has become the most practically embraced form of kafa'ah in everyday partner selection. This transformation aligns with the jurisprudential principle of taghayyur al-ahkam bi taghayyur al-zaman wa al-makan and the maslahah principle that underpins NU's ijtihad methodology, affirming that kafa'ah as a domain of mu'amalah ijtihadiyyah remains relevant and adaptive in the modern era without losing its essential Islamic legal purpose.

Analysis of Maqashid Al-Syari'ah on the Use of Artificial Intelligence (AI) as a Means of Family Consultation

MOCHAMMAD AINUR ROFIK — 2026-07-13

The rapid development of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Indonesia has penetrated various sectors, including family counseling services. The presence of AI-based platforms, such as the GKMNU application and the BKKBN's AI SuperApps, offers easy access for the public to resolve family issues amidst high divorce rates. However, the use of AI as a substitute for human consultants raises concerns regarding its compliance with Islamic law. This study aims to understand the basic concept of AI in presenting information and analyze the use of AI as a means of family counseling from the perspective of Maqasid Al-Syari'ah. This study is a qualitative study with a library research approach. Data were collected through primary and secondary source documentation, then analyzed using descriptive-analytical techniques. The results show that although AI provides efficiency and affordability (maslahah), AI lacks the spiritual authority and emotional context required in Islamic family law. In the perspective of Maqasid Al-Syari'ah, AI can function as an information aid, but its use must remain under strict supervision to maintain the five main elements (Al-Kulliyyat Al-Khams), especially the preservation of religion, lineage, and soul.

The Implications of Fazlur Rahman's Double Movement Theory on the Legality of Virtual Marriage in Islamic Law

Lina Nur Anisa — 2026-07-13

This article examines the implications of Fazlur Rahman’s Double Movement Theory for assessing the legality of virtual marriage in Islamic law. It responds to the expansion of digital communication in Muslim family life after the COVID-19 pandemic, which has intensified debates on ijab and qabul, guardianship, witness presence, identity verification, electronic evidence, registration, and the protection of spouses and children. Using a qualitative hermeneutic-legal approach, this study analyzes Islamic legal texts, contemporary scholarly debates, fatwa and regulatory responses, and comparative practices in several Muslim jurisdictions. The findings show that virtual marriage cannot be judged solely by the physical co-presence of the contracting parties. Its validity must be evaluated through the substantive objectives of Islamic marriage law, including valid consent, contractual clarity, reliable witnessing, legal certainty, protection of lineage, public accountability, and prevention of harm. Through the Double Movement framework, this study argues that virtual marriage may be legally recognized only when all pillars and requirements of marriage are fulfilled through reliable electronic procedures, supported by verified identity, real-time communication, credible witnesses, official supervision, authenticated electronic evidence, and enforceable registration. Conversely, virtual marriage should be restricted when digital procedures create uncertainty, enable manipulation, or weaken the protection of women, children, and family rights. The study contributes an integrative framework that connects Islamic legal hermeneutics, maqasid-oriented reasoning, and practical safeguards for digital family law reform.

Artikel ini mengkaji implikasi Teori Double Movement Fazlur Rahman dalam menilai legalitas pernikahan virtual dalam hukum Islam. Kajian ini merespons meluasnya penggunaan komunikasi digital dalam kehidupan keluarga Muslim setelah pandemi COVID-19, yang memperkuat perdebatan mengenai ijab dan qabul, perwalian, kehadiran saksi, verifikasi identitas, alat bukti elektronik, pencatatan, serta perlindungan pasangan dan anak. Dengan menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif hermeneutik-yuridis, penelitian ini menganalisis teks hukum Islam, perdebatan akademik kontemporer, respons fatwa dan regulasi, serta praktik komparatif di beberapa yurisdiksi Muslim. Temuan penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pernikahan virtual tidak dapat dinilai semata-mata berdasarkan kehadiran fisik para pihak yang berakad. Keabsahannya harus dievaluasi melalui tujuan substantif hukum perkawinan Islam, meliputi keabsahan persetujuan, kejelasan akad, keandalan saksi, kepastian hukum, perlindungan nasab, akuntabilitas publik, dan pencegahan kemudaratan. Melalui kerangka Double Movement, penelitian ini berargumen bahwa pernikahan virtual dapat diakui secara hukum hanya apabila seluruh rukun dan syarat perkawinan terpenuhi melalui prosedur elektronik yang andal, didukung oleh verifikasi identitas, komunikasi waktu nyata, saksi yang kredibel, pengawasan resmi, autentikasi alat bukti elektronik, dan pencatatan yang mengikat secara hukum. Sebaliknya, pernikahan virtual harus dibatasi ketika prosedur digital menimbulkan ketidakpastian, membuka peluang manipulasi, atau melemahkan perlindungan perempuan, anak, dan hak-hak keluarga. Penelitian ini berkontribusi dengan menawarkan kerangka integratif yang menghubungkan hermeneutika hukum Islam, penalaran berbasis maqasid, dan perlindungan praktis bagi reformasi hukum keluarga digital.

The Optimization of Islah in Divorce Cases Decided by Default Judgment at the Sanggau Religious Court

Nungky Nadia Putri — 2026-07-16

Divorce cases decided by default judgment (verstek) prevent mediation from being conducted due to the defendant’s absence during court proceedings. This condition raises the question of how the principle of ishlah (reconciliation) may still be pursued in judicial reasoning when divorce cases are examined without the presence of one of the parties. This study aims to analyze the optimization of the principle of ishlah in judges’ legal reasoning in default divorce cases at the Sanggau Religious Court. This research employed normative legal research with a qualitative approach, using statutory and case approaches to examine 15 default divorce judgments issued by the Sanggau Religious Court. Legal materials were collected through library research using purposive sampling and analyzed descriptively. The findings indicate that the formal implementation of ishlah is constrained because mediation cannot be conducted in the absence of the defendant. Nevertheless, the values of ishlah remain reflected in judicial reasoning, particularly through the assessment of legal facts, the degree of marital breakdown, the possibility of preserving the marriage, and considerations of the parties’ welfare before a divorce judgment is rendered. The study concludes that the optimization of the principle of ishlah in default divorce cases is manifested not only through formal mediation but also through the internalization of reconciliation and welfare values in judicial reasoning, ensuring that divorce is treated as a measure of last resort.

Perkara perceraian yang diputus secara verstek menyebabkan mediasi sebagai sarana perdamaian tidak dapat dilaksanakan karena ketidakhadiran tergugat dalam persidangan. Kondisi tersebut menimbulkan persoalan mengenai bagaimana prinsip islah tetap diupayakan dalam pertimbangan hukum hakim ketika perkara perceraian diperiksa tanpa kehadiran salah satu pihak. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis optimalisasi prinsip islah dalam pertimbangan hukum hakim pada perkara perceraian verstek di Pengadilan Agama Sanggau. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian hukum normatif dengan pendekatan kualitatif melalui pendekatan perundang-undangan dan pendekatan kasus terhadap 15 putusan perceraian verstek di Pengadilan Agama Sanggau. Pengumpulan bahan hukum dilakukan melalui studi kepustakaan dengan teknik purposive sampling dan dianalisis secara deskriptif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pelaksanaan islah secara formal mengalami keterbatasan karena mediasi tidak dapat dilaksanakan akibat ketidakhadiran tergugat. Meskipun demikian, nilai-nilai islah tetap tercermin dalam pertimbangan hukum hakim, khususnya melalui penilaian terhadap fakta hukum, tingkat keretakan rumah tangga, kemungkinan keberlanjutan perkawinan, serta kemaslahatan para pihak sebelum putusan perceraian dijatuhkan. Penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa optimalisasi prinsip islah dalam perkara perceraian verstek tidak hanya tercermin melalui mediasi formal, tetapi juga melalui internalisasi nilai perdamaian dan kemaslahatan dalam pertimbangan hukum hakim sehingga perceraian ditempatkan sebagai jalan terakhir bagi para pihak.

The Legal Status of a Child as a Result of the Determination of a Child’s Lineage (A Juridical Study of Decision Number 166/Pdt.P/2025/PA.Tng)

Dul Jalil — 2026-07-23

This study aims to analyze the legal status of a child as a result of the determination of a child’s lineage as stipulated in Decision Number 166/Pdt.P/2025/PA.Tng. The issues examined in this study include the case background, the judges’ legal considerations, and the juridical implications for the rights and legal status of the child under Indonesian positive law. The research method employed is qualitative research using a normative juridical approach through library research, by examining statutory regulations, court decisions, legal doctrines, and relevant literature. The results of the study indicate that the judicial determination of a child’s lineage plays a crucial role in providing legal certainty regarding the child’s status, particularly for children born from unregistered (siri) marriages. Through this decision, the child is recognized as the biological and legitimate child of the applicants, both under Islamic law and state law. This determination has significant implications for the fulfillment of the child’s civil rights, including the right to identity, maintenance, education, and legal protection in the future. This research employs a library research method, with the primary data source being Decision Number 166/Pdt.P/2025/PA.Tng.

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis kedudukan hukum anak akibat adanya penetapan asal usul anak sebagaimana tercantum dalam Putusan Nomor 166/Pdt.P/2025/PA.Tng. Permasalahan yang dikaji dalam penelitian ini meliputi duduk perkara, pertimbangan hukum hakim, serta implikasi yuridis terhadap hak dan kedudukan hukum anak menurut hukum positif di Indonesia. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah penelitian kualitatif dengan pendekatan yuridis normatif melalui studi kepustakaan (library research), dengan menelaah peraturan perundang-undangan, putusan pengadilan, doktrin hukum, serta literatur yang relevan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penetapan asal usul anak oleh pengadilan memiliki peran penting dalam memberikan kepastian hukum terhadap status anak, khususnya bagi anak yang lahir dari perkawinan siri. Melalui putusan tersebut, anak dinyatakan sebagai anak biologis dan anak sah dari para pemohon, baik menurut hukum Islam maupun hukum negara. Penetapan ini berdampak pada pemenuhan hak-hak keperdataan anak, seperti hak identitas, hak nafkah, hak pendidikan, serta hak perlindungan hukum di masa depan. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode Kajian Pustaka. Sumber data utamanya adalah Putusan Nomor 166/Pdt.P/2025/PA.Tng.

Typologizing Mazhab Argumentation on Wife’s Healthcare Maintenance: an Epistemological Study of Classical Fiqh

MUHAMMAD IBTIHAJUDDIN — 2026-07-26

This study examines the epistemological construction of juristic argumentation within classical Islamic legal texts (kutub al-fiqh) concerning the husband's obligation to bear medical expenses for his wife. Employing a library research approach with a cross-mazhab meta-analysis method of classical fiqh literature, this study analyzes the ibārah texts of primary sources from the Ḥanafī, Mālikī, Shāfi'ī, Ḥanbalī, and Zaydī schools using the theoretical frameworks of Jean Piaget's knowledge construction theory, Lev Vygotsky's social constructivism, Muḥammad Naquib al-Attas's Islamic epistemology, and Wael B. Hallaq's theory of the mazhab tradition and legal authority. The findings reveal two structurally distinct epistemological patterns: first, the assimilative-tripartite pattern adopted by the four Sunnī schools, in which the established tripartite schema of food-clothing-shelter constitutes the epistemological boundary that situates medical expenses outside the scope of obligation—each school employing a distinct ta'līl: the concept of tamkīn in the Ḥanafī school, the analogy of 'aqd al-ijārah in the Shāfi'ī school, and the logic of personal physical restoration in the Ḥanbalī school; second, the accommodative-teleological pattern of the Zaydī school, which reconstructs the 'illat of maintenance as ḥifẓ al-ṣiḥḥah (preservation of health), thereby rendering medical expenses an organic component of the maintenance obligation. The divergence between the two patterns operates not at the level of textual evidence selection, but at the level of the 'illat upon which the entire argumentative structure rests: an instrumental 'illat in the Sunnī schools versus a teleological 'illat in the Zaydī school. These findings carry significant implications for contemporary Islamic family law reform, particularly in addressing the right to healthcare for women in marriage through a grounded epistemological framework rather than selective pragmatism.

Penelitian ini mengkaji konstruksi epistemologis argumentasi ulama mazhab dalam kitab-kitab fikih klasik mengenai kewajiban suami menanggung nafkah kesehatan (biaya pengobatan) istri. Menggunakan pendekatan kepustakaan (library research) dengan metode meta-analisis literatur fikih klasik lintas mazhab, penelitian ini menganalisis teks-teks ibarah dari sumber-sumber primer mazhab Hanafi, Maliki, Syafi'i, Hanbali, dan Zaidiyyah dengan kerangka teori konstruksi pengetahuan Jean Piaget, Lev Vygotsky, epistemologi keilmuan Islam Muhammad Naquib al-Attas, dan teori tradisi mazhab Wael B. Hallaq. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan dua pola konstruksi epistemologis yang berbeda secara struktural: pertama, pola asimilatif-tripartit yang dianut keempat mazhab Sunni, di mana skema nafkah makanan-pakaian-tempat tinggal yang telah mapan menjadi batas epistemologis yang menempatkan biaya pengobatan di luar cakupan kewajiban—dengan ta'līl yang berbeda-beda: konsep tamkīn pada Hanafi, analogi 'aqd al-ijārah pada Syafi'i, dan logika pemulihan fisik personal pada Hanbali; kedua, pola akomodatif-teleologis mazhab Zaidiyyah yang merekonstruksi 'illat nafkah menjadi ḥifẓ al-ṣiḥḥah (pemeliharaan kesehatan), sehingga biaya pengobatan menjadi bagian organik dari kewajiban nafkah. Perbedaan keduanya beroperasi bukan pada level pilihan dalil, melainkan pada level 'illat tempat bangunan argumentasi diletakkan: 'illat instrumental pada mazhab Sunni versus 'illat teleologis pada mazhab Zaidiyyah. Temuan ini memiliki implikasi penting bagi pembaruan hukum keluarga Islam kontemporer, khususnya dalam merespons isu pemenuhan hak kesehatan perempuan dalam perkawinan secara argumentatif-epistemologis, bukan sekadar eklektis-pragmatis.

Single Global Hijri Calendar

Marataon Ritonga — 2026-07-26

The lack of a unified Hijri calendar continues to create differences in determining Islamic dates, resulting in variations in the timing of worship and muamalah activities among Muslims worldwide. This study examines the urgency of implementing a Single Global Hijri Calendar as a framework for achieving global calendar unification. The research employs a qualitative library research approach by analyzing classical and contemporary literature, scholarly publications, and official documents related to the development of the global Hijri calendar. The findings indicate the global Hijri calendar has significant potential to establish a unified Islamic dating system, enabling muslims around the world to observe religious rituals and conduct muamalah activities on the same day and date. Despite ongoing debates regarding its principles, criteria, and astronomical parameters, the concept provides a feasible foundation for strengthening global muslim unity. The study concludes that the implementation of the global Hijri calendar requires broader scholarly consensus and collaboration among Islamic institutions to ensure its universal acceptance and practical application.

Perbedaan dalam penetapan awal bulan Hijriah masih menjadi tantangan bagi umat Islam di berbagai belahan dunia sehingga menyebabkan ketidaksamaan waktu pelaksanaan ibadah dan aktivitas muamalah. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis urgensi unifikasi kalender Hijriah melalui konsep Kalender Hijriah Global Tunggal (KHGT) sebagai solusi penyatuan sistem penanggalan Islam secara global. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian kepustakaan (library research) dengan pendekatan kualitatif melalui analisis terhadap literatur klasik dan kontemporer, artikel ilmiah, serta dokumen resmi yang berkaitan dengan pengembangan Kalender Hijriah Global Tunggal. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa konsep KHGT memiliki potensi besar untuk mewujudkan kesatuan penanggalan Islam sehingga umat Islam di seluruh dunia dapat melaksanakan ibadah dan aktivitas muamalah secara serentak pada hari dan tanggal yang sama. Meskipun masih terdapat perbedaan pandangan mengenai prinsip, syarat, dan parameter astronomi yang digunakan, konsep ini tetap memiliki peluang untuk diterapkan melalui penguatan konsensus ilmiah dan kerja sama antarlembaga Islam. Penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa implementasi KHGT merupakan langkah strategis dalam memperkuat persatuan umat Islam melalui penyatuan sistem kalender Hijriah secara global.

Epistemological Analysis, Classical Literature, and the Integration of Siyasah Dusturiyah Methodology to Modern Constitutional Governance

Bella Maidatul Umah — 2026-07-26

This study aims to reconstruct the methodology of siyasah dusturiyah through an epistemological analysis of classical literature and its integration into modern constitutional governance. Siyasah dusturiyah is defined as a discipline that regulates state affairs through legislative mechanisms aligned with the spirit of sharia and the principle of public interest (maslahah). This research employs a dynamic and adaptive methodology, utilizing ijtihad instruments such as maqashid al-sharia, maslahah mursalah, qiyas, istihsan, and urf. This analysis compares two dominant classical approaches: Al-Mawardi's institutional formalism, which focuses on the legitimacy of power structures, and Ibn Taymiyyah's functional ethics, which emphasizes substantive justice and leadership trustworthiness (amanah). In the modern context, siyasah dusturiyah transforms by integrating the principle of syura (consultation) into democratic systems, checks and balances, and the protection of human rights. The results indicate that in Indonesia, these principles are implemented through the 1945 Constitution (UUD 1945) as a civil agreement, alongside the roles of state institutions such as the MPR, DPR, and the Constitutional Court in maintaining the rule of law. In conclusion, siyasah dusturiyah remains relevant as a philosophical framework that guides authority to stay oriented toward social justice and humanity amidst globalization.

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk merekonstruksi metodologi siyasah dusturiyah melalui analisis epistemologis terhadap literatur klasik dan integrasinya dalam tata kelola konstitusional modern. Siyasah dusturiyah didefinisikan sebagai disiplin ilmu yang mengatur urusan negara melalui mekanisme perundang-undangan yang sejalan dengan ruh syariat dan prinsip kemaslahatan umum (maslahah). Metodologi penelitian ini bersifat dinamis dan adaptif dengan memanfaatkan instrumen ijtihad seperti maqashid al-sharia, maslahah mursalah, qiyas, istihsan, dan urf. Analisis ini membandingkan dua pendekatan klasik yang dominan: formalisme institusional Al-Mawardi yang berfokus pada legitimasi struktur kekuasaan , serta etika fungsional Ibn Taymiyyah yang menekankan pada keadilan substantif dan amanah kepemimpinan. Dalam konteks modern, siyasah dusturiyah bertransformasi dengan mengintegrasikan prinsip syura (musyawarah) ke dalam sistem demokrasi, pembagian kekuasaan (checks and balances), serta perlindungan hak asasi manusia. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa di Indonesia, prinsip-prinsip ini terimplementasi melalui UUD 1945 sebagai kesepakatan madani dan peran lembaga negara seperti MPR, DPR, dan Mahkamah Konstitusi dalam menjaga supremasi hukum. Kesimpulannya, siyasah dusturiyah tetap relevan sebagai kerangka filosofis yang mengawal kekuasaan agar tetap berorientasi pada keadilan sosial dan kemanusiaan di tengah arus globalisasi.