DEVELOPMENT OF MICRO-MOBILITY MODES TO SUPPORT FIRST AND LAST MILE CONNECTIVITY IN THE PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM OF SURAKARTA CITY

Muhammad Fadhil Athallah; Santy Paula Dewi

Muhammad Fadhil Athallah Universitas Diponegoro, Semarang, Indonesia
Santy Paula Dewi Universitas Diponegoro, Semarang, Indonesia

Keywords: Micro Mobility, First–Last Mile, Importance–Performance Analysis, Public Transportation, Accessibility

Abstract

Micro mobility has an important role in improving first–last mile (FLM) connectivity as a link between community activities and the public transportation system. In the city of Surakarta, the low use of public transportation is still driven by the low quality of accessibility to transportation nodes and variations in the performance of micromobility services. This study aims to analyze FLM's travel characteristics, user perceptions and preferences towards micromobility services, and identify priority service attributes that need to be optimized to support integration with public transportation. The research method used descriptive analysis, instrument validity and reliability tests, and Importance–Performance Analysis (IPA) applied to four micro mobility modes: pedicabs, walking, bicycles, and electric scooters. A total of 213 respondents who met the criteria participated in the survey. The results showed that all service attributes have a negative gap between importance and performance levels, so users judge that the current service quality does not meet FLM's travel needs. The analysis of IPA per mode shows that the main priority attributes include travel safety and security, the availability of protected lanes, supporting facilities, accessibility to public transportation nodes, and the availability of travel information. These findings confirm that the success of the integration of micro mobility and public transportation in Surakarta is highly dependent on improving the quality of basic facilities, protecting users' movement space, and strengthening access infrastructure support.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Aletà, N. B., Alonso, C. M., & Ruiz, R. M. A. (2017). Smart Mobility and Smart Environment in the Spanish cities. Transportation Research Procedia, 24, 163–170. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trpro.2017.05.084

Alfaris, R. E., Patel, D., Jalayer, M., & Meenar, M. (2024). Barriers associated with the first/last mile trip and solutions to bridge the gap: a scoping literature review. Transportation Research Record, 2678(1), 38–48.

Bıyık, C., Abareshi, A., Paz, A., Ruiz, R. A., Battarra, R., Rogers, C. D. F., & Lizarraga, C. (2021). Smart mobility adoption: A review of the literature. Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity, 7(2), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.3390/joitmc7020146

Chakraborty, A., Sen, S., Pal, S., & Maitra, B. (2025). Priority areas of intervention for development of walking, bicycling and motorized feeder facilities as first-and-last mile connectivity with metro stations. Transportation Research Procedia, 82(July 2023), 175–194. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trpro.2024.12.036

Charisis, A., Iliopoulou, C., & Kepaptsoglou, K. (2018). DRT route design for the first/last mile problem: model and application to Athens, Greece. Public Transport, 10(3), 499–527. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12469-018-0188-0

Hanny, R., & Almassawa, S. F. (2021). Community Perception of the Usage of Urban Public Transport and Online Application Based Transportation in South Tangerang. Jurnal Akuntansi, Manajemen Dan Ekonomi, 23(1). https://doi.org/10.32424/1.jame.2021.23.1.4108

Hussin, H., Osama, A., El-Dorghamy, A., & Abdellatif, M. M. (2021). Towards an integrated mobility system: The first and last mile solutions in developing countries; the case study of New Cairo. Transportation Research Interdisciplinary Perspectives, 12(June), 100469. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trip.2021.100469

International Transport Forum. (2024). Safer Micromobility (Issue 129). https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/content/paper/0d2e0dd5-en

Ismagilova, E., Hughes, L., Dwivedi, Y. K., & Raman, K. R. (2019). Smart cities: Advances in research—An information systems perspective. International Journal of Information Management, 47(December 2018), 88–100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2019.01.004

Jelti, F., Allouhi, A., & Tabet Aoul, K. A. (2023). Transition Paths towards a Sustainable Transportation System: A Literature Review. Sustainability (Switzerland), 15(21), 1–25. https://doi.org/10.3390/su152115457

Kadyraliev, A., Supaeva, G., Bakas, B., Dzholdosheva, T., Dzholdoshev, N., Balova, S., Tyurina, Y., & Krinichansky, K. (2022). Investments in transport infrastructure as a factor of stimulation of economic development. Transportation Research Procedia, 63, 1359–1369. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trpro.2022.06.146

Kalašová, A., Čulík, K., & Poliak, M. (2022). The Importance of Connecting the First/Last Mile To Public Transport. Communications - Scientific Letters of the University of Žilina, 24(2), B148–B157. https://doi.org/10.26552/COM.C.2022.2.A66-A78

Kriswardhana, W., Hayati, N., & Kusdiyanto, A. (2022). Public Attitude to Urban Public Transportation Services in Jember, Indonesia. Civil and Environmental Science, 005(01), 045–054. https://doi.org/10.21776/ub.civense.2022.00501.5

Kusuma, L. P. H., & Handayeni, K. D. M. E. (2024). Analisis Kriteria Sustainable First and Last Mile pada Koridor MRT DKI Jakarta dengan Model IPGA. 13(2).

Liu, X. C., Porter, R. J., Zlatkovic, M., Fayyaz, K., Taylor, J., University of Utah, S. L. C., Consortium, M.-P., Technology, O. of the A. S. for R. and, & Authority, U. T. (2018). First and Last Mile Assessment for Transit Systems. 347(May), 45p. https://www.ugpti.org/resources/reports/downloads/mpc18-347.pdf%0Ahttps://trid.trb.org/view/1522810

Lukijanto. (2023). Strategi Pemanfaatan Sistem Transportasi Cerdas (Smart Mobility) Guna Mendukung Pembangunan Ibu Kota Nusantara (IKN).

Mohiuddin, H. (2021). Planning for the first and last mile: A review of practices at selected transit agencies in the united states. Sustainability (Switzerland), 13(4), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13042222

Nur, N. K., Rangan, P. R., & Mahyuddin. (2021). Sistem Transportasi. In Gastronomía ecuatoriana y turismo local. (Vol. 1, Issue 69).

Nurdiani, D., Astuti, W., & Rini, E. F. (2019). Kesesuaian Sistem Transportasi Umum Di Kota Surakarta Terhadap Konsep Transportation for Livable City. Desa-Kota, 1(1), 71. https://doi.org/10.20961/desa-kota.v1i1.11898.71-83

Oswar Mungkasa. (2021). Merengkuh Kota Ramah Pejalan Kaki dan Pesepeda : Pembelajaran Mancanegara dan Agenda Ke Depan Oswar Mungkasa perencana kota Oktober 2021. October.

Putri, N. I. P. (2022). Pengaruh Transportasi Umum Terhadap Perkembangan Antar Wilayah Administrasi di Jakarta. Jurnal Manajemen Bisnis Transportasi Dan Logistik, 8(1), 63. https://doi.org/10.54324/j.mbtl.v8i1.1249

Rahat, A., Ledbetter, R., Dawn, A., Byrne, R., & Everson, R. (2019). Solving the first and last mile problem with connected and autonomous vehicles. GECCO 2019 Companion - Proceedings of the 2019 Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference Companion, 397–398. https://doi.org/10.1145/3319619.3321919

Rodrigue, J.-P. (2013). The Geography of Transport Systems. 3rd Edition. In The Geography of Transport Systems.

Rohmah, W., Ramadhani, M., & Winarno, B. (2024). Pentingnya Intergrasi Transportasi Publik di Kota Surakarta Sebagai Kota Urbanisasi di Jawa Tengah. Jurnal Bengawan Solo Pusat Kajian Penelitian Dan Pengembangan Daerah Kota Surakarta, 3(1), 45–54. https://doi.org/10.58684/jbs.v3i1.49

Romadhona, A., Setyani, A. D., & Febriana, A. S. (2024). Melangkah Menuju Mobilitas Berkelanjutan : Kebijakan Penanggulangan. 1, 9–18.

Rosik, P., & Wójcik, J. (2023). Transport Infrastructure and Regional Development: A Survey of Literature on Wider Economic and Spatial Impacts. Sustainability (Switzerland), 15(1), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15010548

Rosyidi, R. F., & Krisnawaty, E. (2024). Transport Hub Dengan Fasilitas Gedung Parkir , Shelter Public , Dan Apartemen Yang Berbasis Transit Oriented Development. II(Ii), 20–31.

Saputri, D. A., & Tantyo, M. A. F. N. (2023). Evaluasi Kualitas Jalur Pedestrian dengan Menggunakan Walkability Analysis di Jalan Kusuma Bangsa Surabaya. G-Tech: Jurnal Teknologi Terapan, 8(1), 174–185. https://doi.org/10.33379/gtech.v8i1.3549

Taylor, M. A. P. (2021). Transportation infrastructure. In M. A. P. Taylor (Ed.), Climate Change Adaptation for Transportation Systems (pp. 47–64). Elsevier. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-816638-3.00003-9

UITP. (2018). Public transport as an instrument for urban regeneration. 1–12. https://www.uitp.org/sites/default/files/cck-focus-papers-files/Policy Brief - PT and Urban Regeneration-BAT-WEB-300DPI.pdf

Venter, C. J. (2020). Measuring the quality of the first/last mile connection to public transport. Research in Transportation Economics, 83(September). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.retrec.2020.100949

Wahiddiyah, N. P., Fadilah, N. R., Zafira, D. Z., Lestari, A. S., Alwafi, M. R., Jakarta, U. N., & Yuliani, S. (2024). Transportasi Publik Meningkatkan Ekonomi Hijau Secara Berkelanjutan di Jakarta. Jurnal Multidisiplin Ilmu Akademik, 1(3), 543–557.

Xie, H., Ahmad, T., Zhang, D., Goh, H. H., & Wu, T. (2024). Community-based virtual power plants’ technology and circular economy models in the energy sector: A Techno-economy study. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 192(December 2023), 114189. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2023.114189

Yanocha, D., & Allan, M. (2020). Memaksimalkan Micromobility: Membuka Peluang untuk Integrasi Antar Micromobility dan Transportasi Umum.

Yin, Z., Rybarczyk, G., Zheng, A., Su, L., Sun, B., & Yan, X. (2024). Shared micromobility as a first- and last-mile transit solution? Spatiotemporal insights from a novel dataset. Journal of Transport Geography, 114(January). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2023.103778