Writing Stages, Evaluation Criteria, and Pedagogical Functions in Maḥmūd Kāmil al-Nāqa's Arabic Writing Instruction: An Integrative Reconstruction for Contemporary Classrooms
Tahapan Menulis, Kriteria Evaluasi, dan Fungsi Pedagogis dalam Pembelajaran Menulis Bahasa Arab menurut Maḥmūd Kāmil al-Nāqah: Rekonstruksi Integratif untuk Pembelajaran Kontemporer
Abstract
Purpose - This study reconstructs and integrates the writing-instruction framework advanced by Maḥmūd Kāmil al-Nāqa in Taʿlīm al-Lughah al-ʿArabīyah li-Ghayr al-Nāṭiqīn bihā, examining how his tripartite model of writing stages, evaluation criteria, and pedagogical functions can be applied in contemporary Arabic language classrooms.
Design/methodology/approach - The study employs qualitative document analysis of al-Nāqa's primary text, supplemented by a purposive analytical review of secondary literature on Arabic writing pedagogy. Four coding categories — writing stages, evaluation orientation, pedagogical function, and contemporary adaptation — guided thematic analysis across both the source text and the scholarly corpus.
Findings/results – Al-Nāqa distinguishes three developmentally ordered and overlapping writing stages: al-kitābah al-muwajjahah (guided writing), al-kitābah al-muqayyadah (constrained writing), and al-kitābah al-ḥurrah (free writing). Each stage carries distinct evaluation criteria and a defined pedagogical function within a continuum from linguistic control to expressive autonomy. Within the reviewed corpus, no prior study has produced an integrative reconstruction mapping all three dimensions simultaneously.
Originality/value - The study contributes an integrative pedagogical model (Figure 1) and an adaptation table (Table 4) specifying how each element of al-Nāqa's original framework translates into contemporary classroom practice, including digital and communicative extensions.
Paper type – Conceptual paper
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Copyright (c) 2026 Khaerul Muttakin, Triani Agustin, R Umi Baroroh, Ali Jum'ah Rahmatullah, Ninda Maharani, Abdurrohman Hasan Al-Adawi (Author)
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